Nighttime solar electricity: Hybrid CSP plants with thermal storage
Cover image: Redstone power plant in South Africa. Source
How can we make solar power at night? Solar PV is extremely successful at generating solar power during daytime. However, once the sun sets the grid needs to rely on more expensive nuclear, geographically limited hydro or polluting gas and coal. If we want to use solar power during the night, concentrated solar (CSP) is probably the most competitive solution. Making hybrid PV-CSP and PV-wind-CSP plants to tap into the strengths of the different renewable technologies might be the best way to have cheap, low-carbon electricity 24 hours per day.
Thermal energy storage with molten salts – the key to 24/7 solar production
Why is CSP better than PV for providing power at night? It is that the two solar technologies have different outputs. While PV panels provide us with electric current directly, CSP creates heat – steam that needs to run through a turbine to generate electricity. The ace up CSP’s sleeve is that thermal energy can be stored much more easily than electric energy.
Most thermal storage technologies use the sensible heat of a fluid – usually molten salt. The salt heated from the solar field is stored in the hot tank, where it remains at up to 550ºC until the electricity prices become attractive enough for the plant to start producing. Once the salt leaves the hot tank, its energy is passed to the water that circulates in the power block through a heat exchanger. With its temperature now low, the salt is sent to the cold tank. There, it is kept above its freezing point (well above 100ºC) to ensure it doesn’t solidify before the next production cycle begins. This is a rather efficient roundtrip, with up to 99% of the produced energy arriving at the power block.
Figure 1: Schematic of a molten salt storage system with two tanks. Source link.
Compared to batteries (BESS), thermal storage (TES) using molten salts can offer lower costs and avoids issues surrounding batteries’ toxicity and flammability. From an environmental point of view, molten salt TES can offer rather low impacts in a wide range of categories, including acidification, marine and human toxicity and embodied greenhouse gas emissions.
Another advantage that molten salt TES has over battery systems is its lifespan. BESS, for example lithium-ion, typically last 10 to 15 years, with performance degrading after a number of cycles due to chemical aging and thermal stress. In contrast, TES systems using molten salts can last up to 30 years with minimal degradation, as they rely on simple heat transfer rather than electrochemical reactions.
The lower price tag holds true, especially when considering a larger system that could offer sustained output over multiple hours, as shown by a study by the TU Wien below. Although battery energy storage systems have enormous potential for cost reductions, it is highly unlikely that a battery system designed to store electricity for more than 2-3 hours will ever be cheaper than its molten salt counterpart. Thus, even though BESS are absolutely essential for the future grid and should be installed at massive scale, there are niches in which TES outperforms them.
Another important takeaway from the same study is that it is unlikely that PV-TES systems (using some form of heaters as an intermediary) will become more economical than CSP-TES. This ensures the future of CSP itself as part of the energy transition.
Figure 2: Specific costs of different combinations of technologies. BESS – battery energy storage system. TES – thermal energy storage. CSP – concentrated solar power. PV – photovoltaics. Source link
Hybrid renewable plants with storage – closing the gap in energy production
The promising way forward then seems to be to design hybrid plants, where PV panels with some BESS take care of electricity supply during the day, while CSP with TES keeps the lights on during the night. Clearly, CSP can be integrated with wind energy too, not only with PV. In that case, rather than strictly operating at night, the CSP can focus on moments with low winds.
According to a study by researchers from the University of Calgary, if a solar-only plant wants to sustain a continuous load for more than 8-9 hours, the hybridization of concentrated solar power with thermal energy storage (CSP-TES) and photovoltaics with battery storage (PV-BESS) systems offers significant financial benefits. According to their results (see graph below), a hybridized plant designed to run uninterruptedly for 24 hours could have a lower levelized cost of electricity compared to a PV-BESS plant designed to provide 4 hours of service per day.
Figure 3: Levelized cost of electricity of different plant configurations at locations in Morrocco (Ouarzazate) and Italy (Ottana). Source link
The Chinese government has understood this. In the last year of 2024 alone, three projects with 250 MW of CSP were commissioned, all of them hybrid plants, combining CSP with PV and onshore wind (see page 27 here). All projects featured at least 8 hours of thermal storage, allowing for nighttime operation and peak shaving. And there are more projects on the way, 3.3 GW of CSP is under construction, with most of these projects expected to be completed in 2025 (page 28 here).
It is important to stress that these hybrid projects are significantly bigger than only their CSP part, because CSP and PV are not competing with one another, but working together. For example, the capacity of the projects finished last year sits just above 1.5 GW, six times larger than the CSP components alone. The fact that CSP plants are more expensive and require more maintenance than their photovoltaic cousins, gives them a specialized, but absolutely crucial role in the toolbox of the future renewable energy mix.
At FersiSolar S.L. we are experts at CSP, Storage, Concentrated Solar Heat for industries and businesses. If you want a 24/7 clean energy solution, contact us. The world cannot wait…
Or maybe you know any other ways to address this frontier of renewable energy??
